More than a half-century ago, President Dwight D. Eisenhower formed the
President’s Council on Youth Fitness, and today Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg and Michelle Obama are among those making childhood obesity
a public cause.
But even as virtually every state has undertaken significant school
reforms, many American students are being granted little or no time in
the gym.
In its biennial survey of high school students across the nation, the
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
reported in June that nearly half said they had no physical education
classes in an average week. In New York City, that number was 20.5
percent, compared with 14.4 percent a decade earlier, according to the
C.D.C.
That echoed findings by New York City’s comptroller, in October, of
inadequate physical education at each of the elementary schools that
auditors visited. Researchers at the University of California, San
Francisco, found just 20 percent of elementary schools in San
Francisco’s system were meeting the state’s requirements: 20 minutes per
day.
At Anatola Elementary School in Van Nuys, Calif., not only are there no
gym teachers, but there is also no gym. The principal, Miriam King, has
relied on $15-an-hour aides to oversee once-weekly exercise regimens for
her 450 students at an outside playground.
“Sometimes, when it is raining, we just cancel,” Ms. King said.
In the Miami-Dade School District in Florida, physical education classes
for middle school students were threatened by state legislation last
year, in the face of anemic local tax collections and dropping property
values. But the district’s top health educator, Jayne D. Greenberg,
watched in thankful relief as a grass-roots effort mounted enough
political pressure to beat back the proposed cuts.
Still, Dr. Greenberg said, she has had to “double up some of the elementary physical education classes.”
In East Harlem, at TAG Young Scholars, an elementary and middle school for
gifted students,
there was no gym teacher for elementary students, according to Patricia
Saydah, whose son Mitchell Deutsch just finished the first grade there.
Art teachers and guidance counselors oversaw the classes, and students
were sometimes called on to demonstrate stretching, Mitchell said. Next
year threatens more hardship: One of the four schools that share TAG’s
building is expanding, further straining the sole gym.
Ms. Saydah said she was concerned with Mitchell’s ability to focus in class without physical activity most days.
“He comes out of school and he is bouncing off the walls,” she said.
Senator Tom Harkin, Democrat of Iowa, has proposed injecting language into the
federal budget
creating incentives for schools to report how much physical activity
students are getting. He also asked the Government Accountability Office
to look into the issue and, in February, it released a survey showing
that while schools appeared more aware of the benefits of physical
education, “they have reduced the amount of time spent” on such classes.
Principals most frequently blame budget cuts, and in New York, they also
cite pressures to devote resources to test preparation, and what one
union leader called a lack of interest from the department headquarters.
“There does not appear to be a promotion, or support, from the
Department of Education for daily physical education in many of our high
schools,” said Jeff Engel, a vice principal at Long Island City High
School, in Queens, who is a member of the executive board of the
principals’ union. He said that his own school provided daily physical
education, but that many did not. “We have a huge obesity epidemic in
the city, yet we see many of our high schools going to nondaily physical
education.”
According to the
city comptroller’s audit,
none of the 31 elementary schools that auditors visited were holding
physical education classes as frequently as required: every day for
kindergarten through third grade and three times a week for grades four
through six, for a minimum of 120 minutes weekly; and at least 90
minutes a week for grades seven and eight. In grades 7 through 12, state
guidelines call for physical education three times a week in one
semester and twice a week in another.
Kathleen Grimm, New York City’s deputy schools chancellor for
operations, said the Bloomberg administration required adequate physical
education in schools, but acknowledged it had work to do. Since
principals face challenges in providing space and time for those
classes, she said, the administration hoped to put a plan in place by
summer’s end to provide them “better support” across all areas of
education, including physical education.
The department has not filed an overall physical education plan with the
state since 1982, though state officials recommend a new one every
seven years. A spokeswoman for the city schools says one will be
presented in September.
Besides its value in fighting obesity, physical education has also been
linked in some studies to good academic outcomes. Dr. John J. Ratey, a
Harvard professor and author of “
Spark: The Revolutionary New Science of Exercise and the Brain” cited a 2010 study on the topic from the federal Health and Human Services Department.
“There is shrinking P.E. and recess time for our kids,” Dr. Ratey wrote.
“P.E. teachers are fighting like cats and dogs to hold the line on
their jobs and worth, at the same time as there is a dawning awareness
that we have missed the boat.”
Despite the shortcomings in physical education, Mr. Bloomberg has
received high marks from public health advocates for his anti-obesity
policies, including calorie disclosures in chain restaurants, a proposed
ban on large sugary drinks in certain settings, and limits on the
calorie and sugar contents of food sold in school vending machines.
In the meantime, the city has promoted several school health
initiatives, including 10-minute “fitness breaks” in classrooms and
before- and after-school recreation for middle school students. And Ms.
Grimm said that the city had been honored, nationally, for a program to
assess students’ fitness and that 850,000 pupils had completed the
program this year. In December, the city said that annual fitness exams
given to most of the city’s kindergarten though eighth-grade students
showed a 5.5 percent drop in the number of obese schoolchildren, the
biggest decline reported by any large city. The exams showed 21 percent
of children were obese, down from 22 percent.
One elementary school making an effort is
Sheridan Academy for Young Leaders,
in the Bronx, where Ronny Rodriguez, a physical education instructor,
ran 12 students through a rigorous 50-minute class one Friday last
month.
Each student gets class once a week, far short of state requirements.
During fitness breaks, students in science class stand and clap to the
beat of a heart, and in social studies, they move as if navigating a
rain forest.
Still, Mr. Rodriguez and Vicki Weiner, co-chairwoman of the school’s
wellness program, wish more days had physical education.
As his perspiring first graders, some visibly overweight, poured out of
the gym for the last time, Mr. Rodriguez addressed his “young leaders”
and asked what they would do over the summer.
“Exercise!” came the choral reply.
“One day, or every day?” he asked. They replied, in unison: “Every day!”
A tax limitation organization says California unions may be finally waking up to reality by agreeing to a year of furloughs.
